Technically very challenging, most are painted in the studio, but some are quite unreal, and others suffer from the moon illusion.
Vernet
From the Flemish artist Paul Bril, to Claude Lorrain, and then through the French ports of Claude-Joseph Vernet to the oil sketches of Valenciennes.
From Tivoli, near Rome, in 1757, through the Alps with Wolf and Turner, to remote Albania as seen by Edward Lear, artist and poet.
These became popular during the 18th century, revealing models and those painting them, assistants, and many others. They also became complex allegories.
Churchyards and graveyards in the art of William Hogarth, Caspar David Friedrich, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Louis Welden Hawkins, and others.
Innovation moved to the countryside around Rome, with Joseph Vernet, and Valenciennes, who prescribed skying in his textbook on landscape painting.
From Dürer in about 1500, through van Ruisdael, Hobbema, Vernet, Girtin, to Constable watermills were popular in landscape art.
A relatively common motif, it started with the peculiar association of death and the erotic, then changed in the late 19th century.
From 1643 (Claude Lorrain), through Claude-Joseph Vernet and Turner to JC Dahl two centuries later.
Painters paid little attention to the form of near-breaking regular waves until the mid-1700s. Japanese art later changed Western painting, with a single print by Hokusai.
The Eclectic Light Company 