Creating the external bootable SSD, downgrading security and allowing kexts, then trying to install a kext on an external drive which must be ejected.
kernel extension
Looking forward to the time when third-party kexts are finally banished from macOS, and replaced by modern system extensions, and their siblings.
Big Sur and Monterey allow kernel extensions with limitations, particularly on M1 models. Full details, including how to control them.
How the kernel relies on its extensions to make your Mac work, and has highest privilege for stability and security. How this must change for Apple Silicon.
For the great majority of Mac users, M1 series Macs are a big step forward. But some users want the impossible. What can’t M1 Macs do?
According to macOS Help, safe mode stops some software from loading, and performs a check of the startup disk. Here’s a more detailed and accurate account of what it does.
Once the kernel takes over from iBoot, there’s a lot of hardware to get running before the SSV can be properly validation, and kernel extensions loaded.
Sometimes known as iBoot1 and iBoot2, they start work with the LocalPolicy for the intended boot volume, validating its vital components.
Understanding each of the four stages in the Secure Booting of an M1 Mac. These are summarised in diagram available here.
This article has now been extensively corrected and modified.
The Eclectic Light Company 