Changes made to the finished version of a painting after its painting has started may be evident from careful examination. Examples from Leonardo da Vinci to Paul Cézanne.
history of painting
Lean years in the 1890s, then his resurgence in the 20th century. Views of Baltic wetlands, sea eagles, seabirds, and wild geese.
Origins with Dürer, occasional motifs in the Dutch Golden Age, and Audubon’s birds. Liljefors painting wildlife set in natural surroundings, as works of art.
Inspired by Émile Zola’s novels, Nordic painters including Krohg, and Werenskiold, American Charles Ulrich, Gandolfo in Sicily, and others. How Roll’s painting of a strike led to Zola’s ‘Germinal’.
Increasingly challenging reflections by Caillebotte, Martin Rico, Normann in the Norwegian fjords, specialist Frits Thaulow, and an essay in optics by Kazimierz Sichulski.
Challenging Naturalist paintings with equally challenging readings: a beggar giving his last coin, 5 hardened gamblers in a dive, a young apprentice making a cog, and a council group portrait.
Pairs of oil studies and finished paintings by Rubens, Géricault, Constable, Frith, Seurat, Eakins, Bierstadt and Cross.
Worn by the figure of death to obscure its face, as a cowl on a monk’s robes, in religious and academic uniforms, as a chaperon on Dante, and for the traveller when migrating.
Trained in Paris from 1877, she met Bastien-Lepage 5 years later, and became his protégé. Rapid success with the urban poor, she died just 3 months before her mentor.
Accurate when on his home ground, Constable appears to have altered reflections for effect. Turner even more so, with frequent vertical exaggeration, but wonderful effects.
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