Arable farmers learned to rotate crops, to prevent loss of soil fertility. At the same time, land was enclosed to remove it from use for communal grazing.
Calame
Rivers, rather than their banks, have been an unusual theme in landscape painting. Examples from Daubigny’s series in northern France, the specialist Frits Thaulow, and many others.
European grey herons, seen in paintings by Aelbert Cuyp, Hans Thoma, Daubigny, Frédéric Bazille, Alfred Sisley and others.
Related optical effects that combine to give the impression of depth. Explored in Renaissance paintings, and some from the 19th century.
Mountain huts, refuges, and inns by Calame, Hodler. Rosa Bonheur and others, with a couple of photos of truly awe-inspiring huts in the Alps.
The Grand Tour traditionally took young gentry through the Alps, where they could buy paintings of its sublime peaks.
Lake Lucerne by Turner and Alexandre Calame, and a symmetric and rhythmic view of Lake Thun by Ferdinand Hodler.
From Turner, through Calame, John Ferguson Weir, and the last paintings of Gustave Courbet in exile, to Ferdinand Hodler.
Its peak with Bonington, Friedrich, Corot and others. Decline in Impressionism to deliberate omission in ‘primitives’ such as Cézanne and Astrup.
A selection of sky-rich oil sketches made in the Roman Campagna during the first half of the 19th century.
The Eclectic Light Company 