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kernel

What happens during startup?

Explains the sequence of events from Boot ROM to FileVault login, what storage is accessible at different times, and where the code is.

August 29, 2025 Macs, Technology

Starting up: early kernel boot in macOS 15, iPadOS 18 and iOS 18

Security services including TXM, Core Crypto, AMFI, Credential Manager and the SEP Key Store, Gatekeeper and AppleSystemPolicy, tracked during startup.

June 23, 2025 Macs, Technology

Last Week on My Mac: Agatha Christie, dendrites and West Berlin

Making their appearance for the first time in macOS 14.4 are Agatha Christie’s detective Hercule Poirot, branches from nerve cells, and isolated fragments of states. What can they be?

March 10, 2024 Macs, Technology

What is firmware for, and why does it need updating?

Why do macOS updates keep updating firmware? Is it full of bugs or what? And just what does firmware do?

July 18, 2023 Macs, Technology

What to do when an app uses too much memory

How to tell whether an app has a memory leak, what to do about it, and the differences from a kernel memory leak.

June 6, 2023 Macs, Technology

The kernel and extensions 1: To Mojave

How the kernel relies on its extensions to make your Mac work, and has highest privilege for stability and security. How this must change for Apple Silicon.

April 13, 2022 Macs, Technology

Booting an M1 Mac from hardware to kexts: 3 XNU, the kernel

Once the kernel takes over from iBoot, there’s a lot of hardware to get running before the SSV can be properly validation, and kernel extensions loaded.

January 6, 2022 Macs, Technology

Booting an M1 Mac from hardware to kexts: 2 LLB and iBoot

T T Read More

Sometimes known as iBoot1 and iBoot2, they start work with the LocalPolicy for the intended boot volume, validating its vital components.

January 5, 2022 Macs, Technology

Booting an M1 Mac from hardware to kexts: 1 Hardware

T T Read More

Understanding each of the four stages in the Secure Booting of an M1 Mac. These are summarised in diagram available here.

January 4, 2022 Macs, Technology

How M1 Macs can run old firmware when Intel Macs can’t

There’s a fundamental difference in the way that Intel and M1 Macs store and load their ‘firmware’, which enables the M1 Mac to load and run difference versions of iBoot.

December 30, 2021 Macs, Technology

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